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Description
The Large Volume Detector (LVD) is located in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory in Italy. The detector has a modular design and consists of 840 liquid-scintillation counters arranged in three towers, 280 counters per tower. Every eight counters form a “portatank” module, which is surrounded by a tracking system. This geometry, together with the underground location, enables studies of the high-energy muon component of extensive air showers (EAS), in particular muon bundles.
Muon bundles are the events in which multiple muons with parallel tracks pass through the detector simultaneously. Investigating the properties of muon bundles provides insights into the primary cosmic-ray composition and the characteristics of hadronic and nuclear interactions at high energies.
This work presents the experimental energy and spatial distributions of muons of different multiplicities: single muons, events with narrow muon pairs, and muon bundles (>5 parallel tracks). The contributions of each class of events to the total muon energy distribution were evaluated. The muon track length distribution in the scintillation counters was also studied. The corresponding energy loss distribution was reconstructed. The abovementioned characteristics do not contradict Geant4 simulations.
